At 06:15 on July 30th, 1943, Staff Sergeant Michael Aruth crawled into the tail position of B17 Tandleo at RAF Kimolton, watching a gray English dawn that would carry him 500 m into Germany. 24 years old, 12 combat missions, three confirmed kills. The Luth Vafa had positioned over 300 fighters along the route to castle.
Aruth settled onto the bicycle seat that served as his workstation. The tail gunner position measured 4 ft wide and 5 ft long. Two Browning M250 caliber machine guns pointed backward through a plexiglass window. At 25,000 ft, the temperature outside would drop to -60° F. His electrically heated suit was the only thing between survival and death by hypothermia.
The Eighth Air Force called it the loneliest job in the war. The tail gunner worked alone, separated from the rest of the crew by 40 ft of aluminum fuselage. No one to talk to, no one to help if something went wrong, just a man, two guns, and whatever the Luftvafa sent his way. The statistics told the story. In the summer of 1943, the average B7 crew survived 11 missions before being shot down, killed, or captured.
Tail gunners died faster than anyone except ball turret gunners. German fighter pilots preferred attacking from the rear. The tail position absorbed the first bullets. By July, the 379th Bombardment Group had already lost nine aircraft in just 2 months of operations. 90 men gone. The problem was geometry. German pilots understood that approaching from behind gave them the longest possible firing window.
A Messormid BF-1009 closing at 350 mph from the 6:00 position had nearly 10 seconds to aim and fire before passing the bomber. The tail gunner had those same 10 seconds to hit a target moving at combined speeds approaching 600 mph. Most tail gunners never got the chance. The Faulk Wolf 190 carried two 20 mm cannons and two 13mm machine guns.
A single burst could shred the plexiglass bubble, kill the gunner, and disable the tail controls. Bombers without tail protection became easy targets. The fighters would circle back, line up, and finish the job. The standard Army Air Force’s gunnery training taught gunners to wait, conserve ammunition, fire only at ranges under 300 yard.
The theory made sense in a classroom. In combat, 300 yd meant the enemy was already shooting. By the time a tail gunner opened fire, he might already be dead. Aruth had watched it happen. On his sixth mission, a B7 flying off Tandelo’s right wing took a direct hit to the tail section. The gunner never fired a shot. The fighter came in fast, guns blazing, and the first rounds punched through the plexiglass before the American could react.
The bomber fell out of formation, trailing smoke. Eight parachutes emerged. The tail gunner was not among them. The official doctrine demanded patience. Aruth questioned everything about it. The fighters attacked from maximum range because they knew American gunners would hold fire. The Luftwaffa pilots had learned the patterns. They exploited the training manual like a road map.
If you want to see how Aruth challenged the doctrine that was getting tail gunners killed, please hit that like button. It helps us bring more forgotten stories to light. Subscribe if you haven’t already. Back to Aruth. 186 B17s lifted off from bases across eastern England that morning. 123 P47 Thunderbolts would escort them partway, but fuel limitations meant the fighters would turn back over Belgium.
The bombers would fly the final 200 m to Castle alone. Aruth checked his ammunition belts, 400 rounds per gun, 800 total. The manual said that was enough for a standard mission. Aruth had already decided the manual was wrong about everything else. By noon, he would find out if he was right. The cost of being wrong was a closed casket funeral and a telegram to his family.
The formation crossed the English Channel at 14,000 ft. Still climbing, Aruth watched the water recede through his plexiglass window, the white cliffs of Dover shrinking to a pale line on the horizon. Ahead lay occupied France, then Belgium, then the heart of Nazi Germany. The P47 escorts held position around the bomber stream.
Their presence meant safety, but Aruth knew the arithmetic. The Thunderbolts carried enough fuel for roughly 90 minutes of combat flying. The mission to Castle would take 6 hours. For most of the journey, the bombers would fly alone. Aruth had spent his first missions following doctrine. Wait for the fighter to close. Aim carefully.
Fire in short bursts. Conserve ammunition. The training instructors at gunnery school had drilled it into every student. Ammunition was limited. Accuracy mattered more than volume. A disciplined gunner could make 800 rounds last an entire mission. The doctrine assumed the enemy would cooperate. The Luvafa did not.
German pilots had studied American tactics. They knew the gunners waited until 300 yd, so they opened fire at 600 yd, pouring cannon shells into the bomber formations while the Americans held their triggers. By the time the tail gunners started shooting, the damage was already done. A Ruth had calculated the problem differently.
A folk wolf 190 at 600 yd was not a difficult target. It was flying straight toward him, nose pointed directly at his position, presenting the largest possible profile. The closure rate meant the apparent size doubled every few seconds. A gunner who started firing early could walk his tracers onto the target, adjusting aim as the range decreased. The risk was ammunition.
800 rounds sounded like a lot until you divided it by the number of attacking fighters. A mission might see 15, 20, even 30 separate attacks. At 50 rounds per burst, the mathematics turned brutal. A gunner who fired early might run dry before the mission ended. Aruth accepted the trade-off.
A gunner who conserved ammunition but died on the third attack had made a poor bargain. Survival required disrupting the enemy’s attack before it succeeded. If that meant running low on bullets, he would deal with that problem later. Dead men had no use for reserve ammunition. His first test came on his fourth mission, a raid against submarine pins at St.
Nazair in June. A pair of BF 109s approached from the 6:00 low position. The classic tail attack. Standard doctrine said, “Wait.” A Ruth opened fire at 700 yd. The tracers arked across the sky, falling short at first, then climbing toward the lead fighter. The German pilot saw the fire coming and broke off his attack, diving away before reaching effective cannon range. His wingman followed.
Neither fighter scored a hit on Tandleo. The crew chief questioned Aruth after landing. The ammunition count showed he had expended nearly 200 rounds on a single engagement. At that rate, he would run out before reaching targets deep inside Germany. Aruth explained his reasoning. The crew chief remained skeptical.
Other tail gunners heard about the incident. Some called it reckless. Wasting ammunition on long range shots violated everything the army air force is taught. The training manuals existed for reasons. Aruth was gambling with his crews lives. But Tandelo kept coming home. Mission after mission, the bomber returned to Kim Bolton with its crew intact.
Other aircraft in the 527th squadron were not so fortunate. By mid July, three bombers from the squadron had gone down. 30 men lost. Now crossing into Belgium on July 30th, Aruth watched the P47 escorts waggle their wings and turn back toward England. The fuel gauges in the Thunderbolts demanded retreat. The bombers pressed on alone.
Somewhere ahead, 300 German fighters were waiting. Aruth would need every round he had. He would also need to survive long enough to use them. The first measures appeared at 11:42, climbing from the southeast in groups of four. A Ruth counted 8, then 12, then stopped counting. The sky behind Tandelo filled with black crosses on yellow noses.
The lead fighter began its attack run from the 6:00 high position, diving toward the bomber formation at 400 mph. Aruth tracked the aircraft through his gunsite, watching the wingspan grow larger with each passing second. At 800 yardds, he squeezed both triggers. The twin brownings roared to life, sending a stream of tracers across the sky.
The first rounds fell short, disappearing into empty air below the diving fighter. A Ruth adjusted, walking the fire upward. At 600 yardds, the tracers began connecting. Bright flashes sparked along the Messers engine cowling. The German pilot broke hard right, smoke trailing from his aircraft.
He never completed his firing pass. The fighter spiraled downward, disappearing into the cloud layer below. Aruth had no time to watch. The second attacker was already closing. This one came in lower, trying to slip beneath Aruth’s field of fire. The angle was difficult, requiring him to depress his guns nearly to their mechanical limit.
He fired anyway, sending a long burst toward the approaching fighter. The Faulk Wolf pilot flinched, pulling up early and releasing his cannon shells into empty sky above Tondileo. The attacks continued for 47 minutes. Wave after wave of German fighters slashed through the bomber formation, targeting stragglers and damaged aircraft.
Aruth fired at everything that came within range, burning through ammunition at three times the recommended rate. His gun barrels glowed red from sustained fire. At 12:29, a BF109 approached from directly a stern, flying straight and level. The pilot had either extraordinary courage or poor judgment. Aruth centered the fighter in his gunsite and held the triggers down.
The Brownings hammered for six continuous seconds, pouring over 100 rounds into the approaching aircraft. The messmitt disintegrated. The engines separated from the fuselage. The wings folded backward. What remained of the fighter tumbled past Tandleo, close enough for Ruth to see the empty cockpit. The pilot had either ejected or died at the controls.
Two confirmed kills. Ammunition down to 180 rounds. The formation reached Cassell at 1251 and began its bombing run. For 11 minutes, the bombers flew straight and level, unable to maneuver while the bombaders lined up their targets. The Luftwaffa knew this moment represented maximum vulnerability. The fighters pressed their attacks with renewed fury.
A Faulk Wolf 190 dove on Tandleo from the 5:00 position. Aruth swung his guns to meet it, firing a short burst. The rounds struck the fighter’s wing route. The pilot kept coming, cannon shells tearing through Tandoleo’s tail section. Aruth felt the impacts before he felt the pain. 20 mm fragments ripped through the plexiglass, shredding his flight suit and burying themselves in his left arm and shoulder.
His left gun jammed. Hydraulic fluid sprayed across the compartment. He kept firing with the right gun. One-handed, bleeding. He tracked the wounded fwolf as it pulled away. A final burst caught the fighter’s tail assembly. The aircraft snap rolled and dove toward the ground. His third kill of the mission. The intercom crackled with voices from the crew.
Someone was asking about damage. Someone else reported flack ahead. Aruth tried to respond, but his throat had gone dry. Blood pulled on the floor of his compartment, freezing almost instantly in the sub-zero air. 400 rounds expended. 63 remaining. Three German fighters destroyed. And the mission was only half over. Tandleo still had to fly 250 mi back to England through the same gauntlet of fighters that had nearly killed him on the way in.
Aruth wrapped a scarf around his wounded arm and waited for the next attack. The return flight began at 1304. Tandleo turned westward with 185 other bombers, leaving Castle burning beneath a column of black smoke. Aruth remained at his position, scanning the sky through blood smeared plexiglass. The Luftvafa was not finished.
German fighters regrouped over Belgium, positioning themselves along the bomber stream’s route to the English Channel. Fresh aircraft replaced those lost or damaged in the morning attacks. The second gauntlet would be as dangerous as the first. A Ruth’s left arm had gone numb from the cold and the wounds. His jammed gun remained inoperable.
The feed mechanism shattered by the same cannon shell that had injured him. He had one functioning weapon and 63 rounds of ammunition to cover 250 mi of hostile airspace. The mathematics demanded a different approach. At 63 rounds, he could afford perhaps three engagements of 20 rounds each. Every trigger pull had to count. The luxury of suppressive fire was gone.
At 1331, a pair of BF109s closed from the 7:00 position. Aruth waited until 500 yardds, then fired a precise 12 round burst at the lead fighter. The tracers struck the engine cowling. The Messersmid rolled inverted and dove away, trailing glycol coolant. The wingmen broke off without attacking. 51 rounds remaining.
Tandle crossed into France at 1415. The fighter attacks diminished as the Luftvafa reached the limit of their operational range. By 1447, the bomber formation had outrun the last German interceptors. The English Channel appeared on the horizon 20 minutes later. The landing at Kimolton came at 1552. A Ruth could not climb out of his compartment without assistance.
Ground crew pulled him through the narrow hatch and carried him to a waiting ambulance. The flight surgeon counted 11 separate fragment wounds in his arm, shoulder, and upper back. Word spread through the 379th Bombardment Group. Within hours, the tail gunner on Tandleo had scored three confirmed kills and two probables while wounded, operating a single gun with 63 rounds of ammunition.
The mission intelligence report noted his early engagement technique as a contributing factor to the bomber’s survival. Other tail gunners began asking questions. The standard doctrine said, “Wait until 300 yd.” Aruth had opened fire at 800. The doctrine said conserve ammunition. Aruth had burned through 700 rounds before getting hit.
The doctrine produced dead gunners. Aruth was still alive. The 527th squadron’s gunnery officer reviewed the combat footage from Tandleo’s mission. The gun camera showed Aruth’s tracers reaching out far beyond normal engagement range, disrupting attack runs before the German pilots could establish firing solutions. The early fire forced the enemy to maneuver, degrading their accuracy and reducing hits on the bomber.
By mid August, three other tail gunners in the squadron had adopted variations of Aruth’s technique. Their survival rates improved. The bombers they protected returned with less damage. The correlation was difficult to ignore. The 379th group commander received a preliminary report on September 1st. The data suggested that aggressive early fire reduced bomber casualties by disrupting coordinated fighter attacks.
The implications challenged 2 years of established gunnery doctrine. Meanwhile, Aruth recovered from his wounds at the station hospital. The fragment damage had missed major blood vessels and nerves. The flight surgeon cleared him for duty on August 19th, 3 weeks after the castle mission. Tandleo had a new aircraft waiting.
The old bomber had been written off after accumulating too much battle damage for economical repair. The replacement carried the same name and the same crew. Aruth climbed back into the tail position on August 26th. The Luftvafa had noticed something changing in the American bomber formations. Their intelligence officers were studying the problem.
Luftvafa intelligence officers noticed the pattern in early September. American tail gunners were opening fire earlier, sometimes at ranges exceeding 600 yd. The change disrupted attack formations that had worked reliably for months. German fighter pilots reported the shift in debriefings across occupied Europe.
The approach from 6:00, once the safest angle against B7 formations, was becoming increasingly dangerous. Tracers reached out before pilots could establish stable firing platforms. The psychological effect was significant. A pilot watching tracers stream toward his aircraft at long range instinctively maneuvered even when the rounds were falling short.
The Luwaffa’s tactical response came in three phases. First, they increased approach speeds, diving on bomber formations at maximum velocity to reduce exposure time. Second, they shifted attack angles, approaching from the high 6:00 position where gravity would assist their pull out. Third, they began targeting specific aircraft that appeared to have aggressive gunners, hoping to eliminate the threat before it could spread.
None of these adaptations solved the fundamental problem. Faster approaches meant less accurate shooting. Steeper angles increased the difficulty of tracking targets through the dive. Targeting aggressive gunners required identifying them in advance, which was nearly impossible in the chaos of a running air battle. The 379th Bombardment Group flew 11 missions between August 26th and September 5th.
Aruth participated in four of them, adding two more confirmed kills to his record. Other tail gunners in the group claimed an additional seven. The Luftwaffa’s loss ratio against the Triangle K bombers was climbing. German fighter commanders tried concentrating their attacks. Instead of spreading interceptors across the entire bomber stream, they masked against single groups, hoping to overwhelm defensive fire through sheer numbers.
The tactic produced results on September 3rd when concentrated attacks against the 100th bombardment group destroyed eight aircraft in 15 minutes. The 379th escaped that slaughter by flying in a different position within the combat box. But the lesson was clear. The Luth FAFA was adapting, searching for weaknesses in the new defensive approach.
The air war over Europe had become a contest of tactical innovation with each side studying the others methods and developing countermeasures. Aruth understood the stakes. His technique worked because it surprised the enemy. Once the Germans developed effective responses, the advantage would disappear. Every mission was a test, every engagement a data point that both sides would analyze.
The temporary edge that aggressive fire provided was eroding with each passing week. The mission scheduled for September 6th would target Stuttgart deep in southern Germany. The route would carry the bombers over 500 m of enemy territory, the longest penetration the eighth air force had attempted that month. Intelligence predicted heavy fighter opposition from bases in France, Belgium, and Germany itself.
Stoodgart manufactured ball bearings, components essential to every vehicle, aircraft, and weapon in the German arsenal. The strategic importance made it one of the most heavily defended targets in Europe. Flack batteries ringed the city. Fighter squadrons were positioned along every likely approach route.
The briefing on September 5th laid out the challenge. The 379th would fly in the lead position of the combat wing, responsible for navigation and bomb aiming for the formations following behind. Lead position meant absorbing the first fighter attacks. It meant flying straight and level while other groups maneuvered.
It meant maximum exposure to everything the Luftvafa could throw at them. Aruth checked his guns that evening. Both Brownings were freshly serviced, the feed mechanism smooth, the barrels replaced after accumulating too many rounds. He loaded 1,200 rounds instead of the standard 800. The extra ammunition added weight, but weight seemed less important than firepower.
Tomorrow would test everything he had learned. Tomorrow would determine whether his methods could survive the most dangerous mission of his career. The Stoutgart mission launched at 0540 on September 6th. 187 bombers climbed into an overcast English sky, forming up over the North Sea before turning southeast toward occupied Europe.
Tandelo flew in the lead element of the 379th formation, positioned where Aruth would face the first attacks from any direction. The fighters found them over France at 0915. Messers and Faul wolves rose from airfields across the region, climbing to intercept the bomber stream before it reached German airspace.
The initial attacks came from the 11:00 position, head-on passes that tested the nose gunners rather than the tail. Aruth waited, watching contrails multiply behind the formation. The Luftvafa was building strength, assembling fighters from multiple units into a concentrated force.
By 0940, intelligence estimates counted over 100 interceptors tracking the bombers. The rear attacks began at 10:08. A staffle of 12 BF- 109s positioned themselves 2,000 ft below the formation, then pulled up in a climbing attack from the 6:00 low. A Ruth opened fire at 700 yd, sending tracers into the lead element.
Two fighters broke off immediately. A third absorbed multiple hits and fell away smoking. The remaining nine pressed their attack. Cannon shells ripped through the formation, striking bombers throughout the 379th combat box. The B7 flying off Tandoleo’s left wing took hits to its number three engine. Another bomber in the low squadron began trailing fuel from ruptured tanks.
Aruth kept firing, shifting from target to target as fighters flashed through his field of view. His ammunition counter dropped steadily. 600 rounds 500 400. The attacks showed no sign of diminishing. At 10:31, a FWolf 190 dove on Tandelo from directly above and behind, using the sun to mask its approach. A Ruth spotted the fighter too late.
20 mm shells punched through the tail section before he could bring his guns to bear. The impacts threw him against the plexiglass. His left gun was destroyed, the receiver shattered by a direct hit. Fragments tore through his flight suit, opening wounds across his arms and scalp. Blood poured down his face, partially blinding him.
He kept firing with the right gun. The fuckwolf pulled up and rolled away, trailing smoke from hits scored during its dive. A Ruth wiped blood from his eyes and searched for the next attacker. Tandleo was dying. The fighter’s cannon fire had severed hydraulic lines, damaged the tail controls, and punctured fuel tanks in the wing routts.
The pilots fought to maintain altitude, but the bomber was losing the battle against gravity and aerodynamics. The formation reached Stoutgart at 11:04. Tandoleo held position long enough to release its bombs over the target, then fell out of formation as the damage overwhelmed the crew’s ability to compensate. Two engines were running rough.
The fuel situation was critical. The pilots made the decision over eastern France. Tandoleo could not reach England. The best option was a controlled ditching in the English Channel where airc rescue units might reach them before hypothermia set in. Aruth remained at his position as the bomber descended, watching for fighters that might pursue the crippled aircraft.
None came. The Luftwaffa had other targets, healthier bombers still flying in formation. Tandoleo hit the channel at 1512, impacting the gray water at 120 mph. The fuselage broke apart on impact. A Ruth was thrown forward, his head striking the gun mount. Darkness. When he regained consciousness, he was floating in a life raft.
British rescue boats were approaching. All 10 crew members had survived the ditching. The bomber that had carried them through 17 missions lay at the bottom of the English Channel. The 379th commander was already requesting Aruth’s mission reports. The Distinguished Service Cross Citation arrived on October 14th, 1943. The second highest military decoration the United States Army could award recognized Arut’s actions during the Castle and Stoutgard missions.
The citation specifically mentioned his decision to continue firing while wounded, crediting his defensive fire with protecting the bomber during its most vulnerable moments. The Eighth Air Force’s gunnery staff had completed their analysis by late October. The data covered 14 bomber groups across three months of operations.
The conclusions challenged assumptions that had governed American air combat since 1942. Tail gunners who engaged targets beyond 500 yards showed measurably higher survival rates than those who followed standard doctrine. The early fire disrupted enemy formations, forcing German pilots to maneuver defensively rather than establishing stable firing platforms.
The ammunition cost was significant, but the trade-off favored the aggressive approach. Brigadier General Frederick Anderson, commander of ETH Bomber Command’s operational planning, reviewed the findings personally. The implications extended beyond individual aircraft. If coordinated early fire from multiple bombers could disrupt mass fighter attacks, the entire defensive doctrine might require revision.
The formal policy change came in November. New gunnery guidelines authorized tail gunners to engage targets at extended ranges when tactical conditions permitted. The bureaucratic language was cautious, but the meaning was clear. The approach that had kept Aruth alive was becoming official doctrine. Aruth never saw the policy take full effect.
His head injuries from the stoutguard ditching proved more serious than initial assessments indicated. After returning to flight status in late September, he completed three additional missions before medical officers grounded him permanently. Recurring headaches and vision problems made continued combat duty impossible.
His final tally stood at 17 confirmed kills with four additional probables awaiting verification. The number placed him among the highest scoring bomber gunners in the Eighth Air Force. Some records credited him with as many as 19 victories, though documentation inconsistencies made precise counts difficult.
The Distinguished Flying Cross followed the Distinguished Service Cross. Two air medals with oak leaf clusters recognized his cumulative combat achievements. The Purple Heart acknowledged his wounds. By the time his combat career ended, Aruth had accumulated more decorations than most pilots. The 379th Bombardment Group continued operations for another 18 months, flying through the winter of 43, the invasion summer of 44, and the final campaigns of 45.
The tactics Aruth had pioneered spread throughout ETH bomber command. Tail gunners across the eighth air force adopted variations of early engagement doctrine. The statistical impact emerged gradually. Bomber loss rates declined through 1944, though multiple factors contributed. Longer range fighter escorts reduced exposure to unprotected combat.
Improved aircraft systems enhanced survivability. But defensive gunnery also played a role, and the shift toward aggressive fire was part of that improvement. German fighter pilots noticed the change. Interrogation reports from captured Luftvafa air crew mentioned the increased danger of tail attacks against American formations.
The easy kills that had characterized early bomber interceptions became progressively harder to achieve. Some pilots shifted entirely to head-on attacks, accepting the higher closure rates in exchange for avoiding concentrated rear hemisphere fire. Aruth shipped home to the United States in early 1944. The Army Air Forcees assigned him to training duties, passing his combat experience to new gunners preparing for deployment overseas.
He spent the remainder of the war teaching others the techniques that had kept him alive. The students who passed through his courses carried his methods into combat over Germany, over Japan, over every theater where American bombers faced enemy fighters. What he did after the war surprised everyone who knew him. Michael Aruth did not leave military service after the war ended.
He transferred to the newly formed United States Air Force in 1947 and continued serving for another 15 years. The man who had survived the deadliest skies over Europe chose to remain in uniform until 1962, retiring at the rank of master sergeant. The decision puzzled some who knew his history. Aruth had accumulated enough combat experience for several lifetimes.
He had been wounded twice, ditched in the English Channel and faced death more times than official records could capture. Most veterans with similar experiences wanted nothing more than civilian life. Aruth saw it differently. The Air Force had given him purpose during the darkest years of the century.
The skills he developed had saved lives. Not just his own, but the crews who flew with him and the gunners who learned from his methods. Walking away felt like abandoning something important. His post-war years were quiet. He married, raised a family, and rarely spoke about his combat experiences. The medals stayed in a drawer. The memories stayed locked away.
Like many veterans of his generation, Aruth believed that those who had not been there could never truly understand. Elmer Bendiner, Tandleo’s navigator, took a different path. He became a journalist and author, eventually writing a memoir titled The Fall of Fortresses. The book described the crew’s experiences in detail, preserving moments that might otherwise have been lost to history.
Bender’s account ensured that the Tandleo and her crew would not be forgotten. The 379th Bombardment Group held reunions for decades after the war. Veterans gathered to remember friends who had not returned, to share stories that their families had never heard, to honor the young men they had once been. Aruth attended when his health permitted, reconnecting with survivors from those desperate months over Europe.
The National Memorial Cemetery of Arizona received his remains on February 20th, 1990. He had died 5 days earlier in St. Augustine, Florida at the age of 70. The headstone listed his rank, his service branch, and his war. It did not mention the 17 fighters he had destroyed, or the crews he had protected, or the doctrine he had helped reshape.
Military cemeteries are full of such understatements. The stones mark names and dates, but cannot capture the weight of what those names represent. A Ruth lies among thousands of other veterans, each with stories that deserve telling. The mighty 8th Air Force Museum in Savannah, Georgia preserves the history of the bomber crews who flew from England.
The 379th Bombardment Group’s records are archived there, including mission reports that document Arut’s combat achievements. Researchers can trace the evolution of gunnery doctrine through documents that bear his influence. The B7 tail gunner position no longer exists. The aircraft that carried men like Aruth into combat have mostly vanished, reduced to museum pieces and memorial displays.
But the principles he demonstrated, the value of aggressive action over passive defense, the willingness to challenge doctrine that was getting men killed, those principles endure. If this story moved you the way it moved us, do me a favor, hit that like button. Every single like tells YouTube to show this story to more people.
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